Interpenetration & zones of control

Moving psiloi may pass through stationary OF units without harm; any other interpenetration disarrays both, and units routed or evaded through take a Katastrophe Andreia check. Belos units may move to 1" of others but marching or approaching hoplites force them to bounce back 3"; if trapped by terrain they are destroyed. Hoplites stay 3" from other hoplites unless charging.

However, marching and approaching Hoplites will force them to “bounce” or retreat for 3” in front of them.

Movement cannot bring a unit nearer than 2" to any enemy unit, so there is no close assault; all combat is by fire.

This is always in straight lines and cannot move nearer to an enemy unit than 2".

Active units may move through friendly units (never enemies) if the phase was invoked with two cards. When falling back, the player may discard one card to let all units interpenetrate and cross difficult terrain freely; otherwise each friendly unit passed through loses a base and a unit crossing difficult terrain loses one base.

If you do not discard a card, then each of your units that falls back through a friendly stationary unit, causes 1 base to be removed from that stationary unit.

Each unit involved takes 1 DP. Retreating or routing units move around supports that have fewer DPs but run through and collide with units equally or worse formed.

Retreating or Routing units move round supports that are better formed (i.e., have less DPs), but run through and collide with units equally or worse formed.

Each unit involved in a collision or interpenetration takes 1 DP. Retreating or routing units move around supporting units that have fewer DPs, but run through and collide with units equally or worse formed.

Retreating or Routing units move round supports that are better formed (i.e., have less DPs), but run through and collide with units equally or worse formed.

Roll 2d6 for two friendly ships, adding a die if they are enemies and for each Spanish ship. Any double means a collision: the mover stops and both take 2 damage points (3 for a treble). Afterwards a double on two dice is needed to break off and leave the square.

If any double is rolled the two ships collide, the moving ship ends its move and both ships lose 2 damage points (see 2.2), or 3 points for any treble.

All Macedonian units can move through each other. Persian light troops can pass through any friends, but other Persian units moving through each other roll a d6 and fail on 1-3; they may complete the move next turn without rolling again.

other Persian troops who try to move through each other must roll a dice – if the score is 1,2 or 3 the two units fail to complete this difficult manoeuvre.

Movers pay an extra 2" and must be on a Steady Gait approach; both wards count as crossing a Linear Hindrance and take Faltering checks.

The companies of one ward may pass through those of another stationary ward. To do this the movers pay an extra 2 inches, and may only do this at a Steady Gait

Mounted can pass through psiloi, and psiloi through any friends facing the same or opposite direction; mounted can recoil through friends except pikes or elephants. No element may move across the front of an enemy element within 200p unless separated by terrain or troops.

Mounted can pass through psiloi, or psiloi through any friends, which are facing in the same or opposite direction.

A unit's ZOC covers its six surrounding hexes and halts enemies, who must engage. Overlapping ZOCs block command range, recoils and flees. Unattached generals exert no ZOC. Units may pass through stationary undisrupted friends, but friends passed through or displaced by fleeing or evading units become disrupted.

Any enemy unit that enters this Zone of Control must stop and engage in hand-to-hand combat.

One check per interpenetrating unit: roll d10 and add modifiers (US Regular +3, US Volunteer/Mexican Elites +2, US Militia/Mexican Regular +1, Mexican Militia 0, -2 if either unit is cavalry, plus officer influence). A total of 12 or more means no problem; otherwise the units are unformed.

The total must equal or exceed 12 for no interpenetration problem to have occurred. If the units cannot make the score, they are unformed.

Friendly stands may pass through one another but not end overlapping. Armoured vehicles brush aside enemy transports. To pass through an enemy armoured stand, a vehicle must stop adjacent and pass a +3 cohesion roll or halt there. Vehicles may pass through enemy non-vehicle stands only by overrunning them. Stands engaged along half or more of a base edge may only fire at the enemy they are touching.

An armoured vehicle stand may pass through an enemy armoured vehicle stand only if it makes a successful cohesion roll (to test its nerve).

A unit may move through friends provided its final position clears them; a retiring unit continues until clear. A retiring unit that cannot avoid an enemy is Broken. v4.4 forbids passing through march columns, limbered artillery or disordered units and forces a morale test when interpenetrating Shaken units. Chargers may not pass across an enemy's front within 4" (a zone of control).

Except when charging, friendly units may freely move through each other (including when pivoting) so long as the unit’s final position does not interpenetrate another unit